How to Calculate Cash Flow (Formula & Examples)

Lauren WardUpdated December 21, 2021

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Determining cash flow is an essential step in understanding how operating expenses impact your business’s bottom line.While many companies use accounting software to do the job, depending on the complexity of your business, it may be possible to calculate cash flow using a spreadsheet and some basic math formulas. Read on to learn how to calculate cash flow.

Why Understanding Cash Flow Is Important

Figuring out how to calculate cash flow lets you see how your business’s expenses stack up to your income. A business generally needs to be cash flow positive, meaning monthly revenue exceeds your operating expenses.Understanding your cash flow cycle helps you make financial projections, which can inform your decision-making process. Just a few of the things this knowledge can help with include:

Anticipating inventory needs, including how to pay for supplies
Determining if your prices are reasonable
Projecting your fixed expenses versus seasonal revenue

Your cash flow projections can help you figure out how you’re going to finance the lean months while being fully prepared for your busy months. When you’re cash flow positive, you’re likely offering the right services at the right price. But if your revenue isn’t covering your operating expenses, it may be time to rethink your business structure.No matter what type of business you operate, your cash flow is one of the most critical financial components to understand. Not only does it help you manage your business’s accounts, but it's also often required by lenders and investors when you apply for financing.

How is Cash Flow Calculated?

At its core, cash flow involves subtracting monthly expenses from your monthly balance and income. The money you can transfer to the next month’s balance is your cash flow. More complex businesses can identify separate categories for cash flow from operations, investing, and financing.Here, we'll discuss a few different cash flow formulas: operating cash flow, free cash flow, cash flow forecasting, and discounted cash flow.

Operating Cash Flow Formula

Your operating cash flow includes your balance and the revenue your company has brought in minus your expenses. Any revenue your company has brought in through sales, as well as from interest earned on investments or savings accounts is called your “cash in.”The expenses, such as rent, payments on small business loans, credit card payments, taxes, salaries, and manufacturing, are called "cash out."To calculate your operating cash flow, take the following steps each month:

Add the starting balance and revenue to determine your cash in.
Add up all expenses to determine cash out.
Subtract cash out from cash in.

Your remaining amount is your operating cash flow for the month. (The formula can include other things for more complex businesses, such as depreciation, but let's keep things comparatively simple for now.)Recommended: Cash Flow vs EBITDA

Operating Cash Flow Example

Let’s look at an example for an imaginary company: XYZ Retail had a balance of $100,000 roll over from June into July. In July, XYZ Retail grossed $400,000 in revenue. Its total cash in is $500,000XYZ Retail's expenses for the month totaled $250,000, and taxes on the profit amounted to $62,500. Its total cash out is $312,500.As the formula for operating cash flow is:Cash In – Cash Out = Operating Cash FlowXYZ Retail's formula would look like this:$500,000 - $312,500 = $187,500Therefore, XYZ Retail has $187,500 of cash flow to roll over. The company will add the $187,500 balance to whatever revenue they make the next month.

Free Cash Flow Formula

Calculating your free cash flow allows you to determine how much spending money you have after determining operating cash flow and capital expenses. Capital expenses are funds invested in the long-term life of your business and spent on larger scale purchases like trucks, large machinery, and building purchases. This differs from operating costs because those are day-to-day expenses such as salaries, smaller supplies (e.g., copiers and computers), and building rentals, not purchases.Once free cash flow has reached an amount with which a business owner is comfortable, the owner typically uses the funds to make decisions about the future. Seeking to expand? Finding ways to lower other costs, which could cost money upfront? Hiring additional people or an outside company to provide support?Investors also use free cash flow reports to decide if a company is worth investing in.While a high free cash flow is preferred, a low one doesn't mean a business is failing. Newer companies rarely have much free cash flow as they're making significant initial purchases. The older a business is, the more likely it is to have free cash flow, but even these older businesses can have low amounts if they make large purchases.There are a few ways to calculate free cash flow. However, the simplest takes the following steps:

Determine operating cash flow (see the formula in the previous section).
Add up capital expenditures.
Subtract capital expenditures from operating cash flow.

There are other formulas for calculating free cash flow. But they're usually for instances where a company hasn't been closely monitoring its operating cash flow and capital expenditures.However, if those have gone to the wayside, the formulas you could use in a pinch are:

(Net Operating Profit – Taxes) – Net Operating Capital Investment = Free Cash Flow
Sales Revenue – (Operating Costs + Taxes) – Operating Capital Investments = Free Cash Flow

Free Cash Flow Example

Let's revisit the fictional company XYZ Retail.At the end of July, XYZ Retail's total operating cash flow was $187,500.That same month, they made upgrades to their building to make it more ADA accessible. This would be a capital expenditure because those upgrades are permanent and can help with future success. The total capital expenditure amount was $53,050.As the formula for free cash flow is:Operating Cash Flow – Capital Expenditures = Free Cash FlowXYZ Retail's formula would be:$187,500 - $53,050 = $134,450This means the free cash flow is $134,450.

Cash Flow Forecast Formula

Calculating your cash flow forecast can help you plan month to month, quarter to quarter, or year to year by figuring out approximately how much money you'll have on hand.Remember: Just like weather forecasting, cash flow forecasting isn't a perfect science. You never know when the winds may change. So, it may be wise to be conservative in your estimates.Forecasting cash flow is more complex than operating and free cash flows, as you need more details.There are two methods of cash flow forecasting: Direct and indirect.To calculate direct cash flow, take the following steps:

Determine cash in.
Determine cash out.
Subtract cash out from cash in.
Do this month over month to make an educated guess for the coming months.Cash flow can wax and wane depending on the season. Therefore, something like a summer-only direct cash flow amount may not apply to the winter.

While this seems simple on the surface, this isn't necessarily the case. You need to know precisely where all money is coming and going from. (Luckily, you can set up a spreadsheet to keep track of it, but you should update it frequently to ensure nothing gets missed.)The indirect method of calculating cash flow forecast focuses on net income and factors affecting profitability — but not cash balance. It uses your profit and loss statements and balance sheet. To use this method, follow these steps:

Get your current balance from your balance sheet. If you have previous ones, check those as well.
Compare it to your profit and loss statements to get a decent estimate of your monthly cash in and cash out.

This method is more commonly used among people who don't want to hire a bookkeeper or use accounting software or those with so many transactions that monitoring every single one is difficult.Neither method is right or wrong; try out both to see which works best for you.

Cash Flow Forecast Example

American Express provides a cash flow forecast template, as well as an example of what it might look like:

Discounted Cash Flow Formula

Discounted cash flow (DCF) estimates the future value of a business based on projected cash flows. It can help determine whether an investment is likely to pay off in the long run.The term “discounted” is there to account for inflation and the lower value of money received in the future compared to money received now. The discount rate is usually a company's weighted average cost of capital (WACC), which represents how much a company must pay to its investors and lenders.(Note: The discount rate can also be an interest rate. It depends on the type of investment.)The discounted cash flow formula looks like this:

CF = Cash flowr = Discount rate

Discounted Cash Flow Example

Let’s put this into an example. A potential investor in XYZ Retail wants to determine if they’ll see return on investment in three years if he or she invests $50 million now.Let’s say XYZ’s cash flow (CF) for Year 1 is $20 million. Based on past performance, we calculate that future cash flow is expected to grow at a rate of 5% each year. So, for Year 2, CF will be $21 million and Year 3, CF will be $22.05 million. Now, let’s say the WACC for XYZ Retail is calculated to be 4%, meaning 0.04 will be our discount rate (r).Plugging it into the equation, we find:

DCF = 19,230,769.23 + 19,415,680.47 + 19,601,742.37 DCF = $58,248,192.07In this case, the investor may see return on their investment of $50 million in three years. However, it is very important to remember that DCF relies heavily on forecasting, meaning it is not going to be 100% accurate — or a 100% guarantee of a company’s future value. It may be easier to use a template and/or accountant to make these calculations. There are free, pre-built templates on the web, including one from the Corporate Financial Institute, that may help with calculating DCF.

Managing Cash Flow Problems

All businesses are likely to have cash flow hiccups. Frequently tracking and analyzing your finances can help you anticipate challenges and create proactive solutions.

Using Accounting Software

While calculating cash flow by hand is great, accounting software can help you keep a closer eye on where money is coming from and going to. For instance, it can create invoices and track outstanding ones. It also automatically breaks down expenses compared to actual cash brought in each month.

Hiring a Bookkeeper

A bookkeeper can bring to this the human touch that accounting software can't. For instance, this professional can analyze the information, then break down the data into layman's terms. Small companies may not want or be able to invest in a full-time staff member, but some people do this on a part-time, freelance, or contract basis.

Refining Your Budget

Constantly analyze and refine your cash flow to ensure you have an effective operating budget in place. This can help businesses weather potential or anticipated downturns in business.

Increasing Revenue

Increasing revenue during a period of negative cash flow may require thinking outside of the box. This might include running an alternative marketing campaign, expanding employee training, and finding creative ways to turn over inventory that isn’t selling well.

Applying for a Line of Credit

Depending on the nature of your cash flow issues and how long you expect them to last, applying for a business line of credit may be an option for getting an injection of capital. This is typically best used if you know what the problem and solution are and need a temporary fix.However, just like with any type of financing, make sure you have a solid plan to repay your balance.Recommended: Understanding Different Types of Small Business Loans

Other Important Financials to Know About

Your business’s cash flow statement is one of many critical financial snapshots reflecting your company's health. However, there are other ways of monitoring financials, including balance sheets and income statements.

Balance Sheet

Your company’s balance sheet also holds a lot of valuable information, including assets, liabilities, and details on shareholders. Assets include cash, inventory, and property. Liabilities include debt, expenses and shareholders' equity. This equity is particularly relevant if they’re paid retained earnings.A balance sheet reveals important metrics such as your business's debt-to-equity ratio and amount of working capital.You typically need to provide your balance sheet any time you apply for financing or pitch to new investors, along with other documents, so make sure to have this prepared for any such occasion.

Income Statement

While your cash flow includes data from the business’s financing and investments, your income statement focuses solely on revenue and expenses over a set period. As a result, it can reveal trends in sales, production costs, and operating expenses. Depending on the type of accounting used, the income statement may or may not be based on cash accounting. For example, cash flow measures funds as they enter and leave your business accounts. But using an accrual accounting method, your income statement would reflect when orders are placed rather than paid for.

Final Thoughts on Calculating Cash Flow

Learning how to calculate cash flow is a vital step in understanding your finances. When joined by other documents such as your balance sheet and income statement, you can use cash flow information to keep track of profitable ventures and over-spending. You should regularly review your cash flow to ensure everything is running smoothly. If you want to expand your business with a small business loan, Lantern by SoFi can help you access offers from multiple small business lenders with just one application.

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About the Author

Lauren Ward

Lauren Ward is a personal finance expert with nearly a decade of experience writing online content. Her work has appeared on websites such as MSN, Time, and Bankrate. Lauren writes on a variety of personal finance topics for SoFi, including credit and banking.

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